{"id":54659,"date":"2026-08-07T11:15:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-07T09:15:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/?p=54659"},"modified":"2026-08-07T11:15:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T09:15:58","slug":"%e7%b5%b1%e4%b8%80%e7%89%b9%e8%a8%b1%e8%a3%81%e5%88%a4%e6%89%80%ef%bc%88upc%ef%bc%89%e3%81%ab%e3%81%8a%e3%81%91%e3%82%8b%e6%8a%80%e8%a1%93%e7%9a%84%e5%9d%87%e7%ad%89%e8%ab%96-%e4%b8%80%e8%b2%ab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/%e7%b5%b1%e4%b8%80%e7%89%b9%e8%a8%b1%e8%a3%81%e5%88%a4%e6%89%80%ef%bc%88upc%ef%bc%89%e3%81%ab%e3%81%8a%e3%81%91%e3%82%8b%e6%8a%80%e8%a1%93%e7%9a%84%e5%9d%87%e7%ad%89%e8%ab%96-%e4%b8%80%e8%b2%ab\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7d71\u4e00\u7279\u8a31\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08UPC\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6 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Equivalents\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5f93\u6765\u304b\u3089\u6b27\u5dde\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306f\u3001\u6b27\u5dde\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u7d04\uff08EPC\uff09\u7b2c69\u6761\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u8b70\u5b9a\u66f8\u306b\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6a29\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u4fdd\u8b77\u3068\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u7684\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u3068\u306e\u9593\u3067\u5fae\u5999\u306a\u5747\u8861\u3092\u56f3\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u5404\u56fd\u3067\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u56fd\u5883\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u308b\u7d1b\u4e89\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5747\u8861\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7d71\u4e00\u7279\u8a31\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08UPC\uff09\u306e\u5275\u8a2d\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u9577\u5e74\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u8d85\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u306a\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u518d\u3073\u6ce8\u76ee\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3001UPC\u5354\u5b9a\u306b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u898f\u5247\u306b\u3082\u3001\u300c\u5747\u7b49\u300d\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3084\u305d\u306e\u9069\u7528\u57fa\u6e96\u306f\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001UPC\u306f\u52a0\u76df\u56fd\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u4f1d\u7d71\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u307e\u305f\u306f\u9ed9\u793a\u7684\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5224\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bUPC\u5236\u5ea6\u306e\u6700\u3082\u7279\u5fb4\u7684\u306a\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u306a\u5148\u4f8b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u307e\u3060\u5747\u7b49\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u5be9\u5404\u90e8\u9580\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u306f\u3070\u3089\u3064\u304d\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u7d71\u4e00\u3082\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>UPC<\/strong><strong>\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5747\u7b49\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u306a\u5224\u6c7a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"642\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"185\"><strong>\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\"><strong>\u90e8\u9580<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"280\"><strong>\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u57fa\u6e96<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"185\">Plant-e (2024)<\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">\u30cf\u30fc\u30b0\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/td>\n<td width=\"280\">4\u6bb5\u968e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"185\">Nelissen (2025)<\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">\u30d6\u30ea\u30e5\u30c3\u30bb\u30eb\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/td>\n<td width=\"280\">FMR\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"185\">Mannheim (2025)<\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">\u30de\u30f3\u30cf\u30a4\u30e0\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/td>\n<td width=\"280\">\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"185\">Washtower (2025)<\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">\u30cf\u30fc\u30b0\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/td>\n<td width=\"280\">4\u6bb5\u968e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"185\">Raccords (2025)<\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">\u30d1\u30ea\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/td>\n<td width=\"280\">\u8abf\u548c\u7684\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"185\">Helsinki (2026)<\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">\u30d8\u30eb\u30b7\u30f3\u30ad\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/td>\n<td width=\"280\">\u6d3e\u751f\u7684\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u6cd5\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>UPC\u306f\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066EPC\u7b2c69\u6761\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u8b70\u5b9a\u66f8\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7279\u8a31\u8acb\u6c42\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\uff08\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\uff09\u304c\u4fdd\u8b77\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u660e\u7d30\u66f8\u304a\u3088\u3073\u56f3\u9762\u306f\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u8a18\u8f09\u4e8b\u9805\u3068\u5747\u7b49\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u5341\u5206\u306b\u8003\u616e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>UPC\u306f\u3001\u6b27\u5dde\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u306e\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u539f\u5247\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u3068\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5747\u7b49\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u5236\u5ea6\u3067\u3042\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u6b27\u5dde\u5224\u4f8b\u6cd5\u3068\u306e\u9023\u7d9a\u6027\u304c\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7279\u8a31\u6a29\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u4fdd\u8b77<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5341\u5206\u306a\u6cd5\u7684\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u306e\u4e21\u7acb\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u306e\u5747\u8861\u304c\u3001UPC\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u306b\u306f\u5dee\u7570\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001UPC\u5224\u4f8b\u306b\u306f\u5171\u901a\u3057\u305f\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u901a\u5e38\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u968e: \u5bfe\u8c61\u88fd\u54c1\u30fb\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6587\u8a00\u4e0a\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e: \u6587\u8a00\u4fb5\u5bb3\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9650\u308a\u3001\u5747\u7b49\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u6210\u5426\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u69cb\u9020\u306f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306f\u3042\u304f\u307e\u3067\u88dc\u5145\u7684\u306a\u5236\u5ea6\u3068\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306f\u6587\u8a00\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3068\u4e26\u5217\u306e\u30eb\u30fc\u30c8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u8a00\u4fb5\u5bb3\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306e\u307f\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u6551\u6e08\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u6280\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u4ef6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>UPC\u5224\u4f8b\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5171\u901a\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6280\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6027\u300d\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u6982\u306d\u6b21\u306e\u70b9\u3067\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5747\u7b49\u4fb5\u5bb3\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5909\u5f62\u4f8b\u304c\u3001\u8acb\u6c42\u9805\u8a18\u8f09\u306e\u767a\u660e\u3068\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u540c\u3058\u6280\u8853\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u540c\u3058\u6280\u8853\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u751f\u3058\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306f\u30de\u30f3\u30cf\u30a4\u30e0\u5730\u65b9\u90e8\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u7279\u306b\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u540c\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001<\/p>\n<p>\u5909\u66f4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u624b\u6bb5\u304c\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5747\u7b49\u306f\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044<\/p>\n<p>\u3068\u5224\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u30d6\u30ea\u30e5\u30c3\u30bb\u30eb\u5730\u65b9\u90e8\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6027\u304c\u6b20\u5982\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3069\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u5747\u7b49\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306f\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6280\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6027\u306f\u5747\u7b49\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u300c\u5165\u308a\u53e3\u8981\u4ef6\uff08threshold requirement\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u306e\u76f8\u9055<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5747\u7b49\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u5171\u901a\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5dee\u7570\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30cf\u30fc\u30b0\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Plant-e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u306f\u6700\u3082\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306a\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b4\u6bb5\u968e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6027<\/li>\n<li>\u4fdd\u8b77\u7bc4\u56f2\u62e1\u5f35\u306e\u516c\u5e73\u6027<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027<\/li>\n<li>\u5148\u884c\u6280\u8853\u3068\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u30aa\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u6cd5\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6280\u8853\u7684\u89b3\u70b9\u3068\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u89b3\u70b9\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30d1\u30ea\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Raccords\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3088\u308a\u67d4\u8edf\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3082\u3001\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u306f\u4f9d\u62e0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u8f38\u5165\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u6b27\u5dde\u7684\u306a\u57fa\u6e96\u300d\u3092\u6a21\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u8a66\u307f\u3068\u898b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30d6\u30ea\u30e5\u30c3\u30bb\u30eb\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Function-Way-Result\uff08\u6a5f\u80fd\u30fb\u624b\u6bb5\u30fb\u7d50\u679c\uff09\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8<\/li>\n<li>\u975e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff08insubstantial differences\uff09\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u306a\u3069\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u306f\u6280\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6027\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30de\u30f3\u30cf\u30a4\u30e0\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u30de\u30f3\u30cf\u30a4\u30e0\u5730\u65b9\u90e8\u306f\u6700\u3082\u30df\u30cb\u30de\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u7684\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3001<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd<\/li>\n<li>\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u52b9\u679c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u4ef6\u306b\u96c6\u4e2d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u4e88\u6e2c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u767a\u5c55\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u3092\u72ed\u3081\u308b\u9762\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b7\u30f3\u30ad\u5730\u65b9\u90e8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b7\u30f3\u30ad\u5730\u65b9\u90e8\u306f\u5225\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3001<\/p>\n<p>\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6307\u91dd\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u5be9\u306e\u65e2\u5b58\u5224\u4f8b\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u9038\u8131\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u7279\u5225\u306a\u7406\u7531\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b<\/p>\n<p>\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u5224\u4f8b\u6cd5\u304c\u307e\u3060\u904e\u6e21\u671f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8981\u7d20<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Formstein\/Gillette<\/strong><strong>\u6297\u5f01\u306e\u53f0\u982d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5e74\u9855\u8457\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6280\u8853\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5236\u9650\u539f\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u306bFormstein\u6297\u5f01\u307e\u305f\u306fGillette\u6297\u5f01\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001<\/p>\n<p>\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3082\u3057\u305d\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u65b0\u898f\u6027\u307e\u305f\u306f\u9032\u6b69\u6027\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u307e\u3067\u4fdd\u8b77\u3092\u62e1\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306f\u7279\u8a31\u6027\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u5185\u306b\u7559\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u306e\u878d\u5408<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u50be\u5411\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306e\u5883\u754c\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3064\u3064\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9f\u969b\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u306b\u9032\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u89e3\u91c8\u3060\u3051\u3067\u7d50\u8ad6\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u306b\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u304c\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u5224\u65ad\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5e83\u3044\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u4e2d\u3078\u5438\u53ce\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u304f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5be9\u67fb\u7d4c\u904e\u306e\u8003\u616e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u51fa\u9858\u5be9\u67fb\u4e2d\u306e\u88dc\u6b63\u3084\u610f\u898b\u8868\u660e\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u59ff\u52e2\u3082\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>UPC\u306f\u307e\u3060\u7c73\u56fd\u578b\u306e\u300c\u5be9\u67fb\u7d4c\u904e\u7981\u53cd\u8a00\uff08prosecution history estoppel\uff09\u300d\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u9650\u5b9a\u88dc\u6b63\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u5236\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u59cb\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong>\u7d50\u8ad6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>UPC\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u9014\u4e0a\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306f\u3001<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6280\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6027\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u5171\u901a\u57fa\u76e4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u306f\u73fe\u308c\u3064\u3064\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u624b\u6cd5<\/li>\n<li>\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u63a1\u5426<\/li>\n<li>\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5927\u304d\u306a\u76f8\u9055\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5171\u901a\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u5247\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u304c\u5171\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3001\u5236\u5fa1\u3055\u308c\u305f\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08controlled pluralism\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5fb4\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u306f\u3001UPC\u5236\u5ea6\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u5404\u56fd\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u4f1d\u7d71\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u3068\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u6307\u91dd\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306f\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u4f9d\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u305f\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u3042\u308b\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u521d\u3081\u3066UPC\u5236\u5ea6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u771f\u306b\u7d71\u4e00\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306f\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u304c\u7d9a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u306f\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306a\u6d3b\u7528\u4f59\u5730\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3082\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u80cc\u666f \u6280\u8853\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u8ad6\uff08Doctrine o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":54667,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[926,694],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-up-upc-ja","category-approfondimenti-ja-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54659"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":54666,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54659\/revisions\/54666"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/54667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiotorta.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}